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{{ | {{Eyecatch|Note|For Chinese text, refer to our [[AniDB Definition:Romanisation for Chinese]] guide.}} | ||
{{Eyecatch|Note|See also our our [[Content:Titles|Anime and Episode Titles]] guide.}} | |||
{{TOCright}} | {{TOCright}} | ||
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{{:AniDB Definition: Romanisation/Table}} | {{:AniDB Definition: Romanisation/Table}} | ||
== General rule for dictionary words == | |||
When transcribing, glue transcriptions together only for names and dictionary terms. The following are good online dictionaries to reference: | |||
* [https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/ goo.ne.jp] | |||
* [https://jisho.org/ Jisho] | |||
== Special cases == | == Special cases == | ||
Line 92: | Line 98: | ||
Not accepted. | Not accepted. | ||
== Guidance for Using External Sources to Support Romanisations == | ==Guidance for Using External Sources to Support Romanisations and Translations== | ||
This policy was confirmed on 25-Jan-2020 as discussed {{short|post458077|here}}. | |||
=== Native Japanese Words and Names, Non-Native Japanese Words === | ===Anime Titles=== | ||
====English Main Transcription Title==== | |||
"Officially" provided Japanese romanisations should '''not''' be added as the ''main transcription title'' for AniDB purposes; the main transcription title should always follow AniDB transcription rules as set out here. Add the "official" transcription as a synonym if needed. | |||
====English Official Title==== | |||
3rd party "official" sources may be acceptable for English titles when there is no 1st party English licencor, as determined on a case-by-case basis.<br> | |||
For example, {{AniDBShortLink|a12867|My Big Emergency}} is an animation from 1936. As part of the ''National Project for the Sustainability of Born-Digital Cinema'', supported by the ''Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan'', in 2016 ''The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo'' [http://animation.filmarchives.jp/en/works/view/43779 re-released the animation on their website] with an English translation and English title. The translation was provided as "My Big Emergency". This can be accepted as an official English title for AniDB purposes. | |||
===Native Japanese Words and Names, Non-Native Japanese Words=== | |||
# For native Japanese words and names (e.g. 星界の紋章 ''{{short|a1|Seikai no Monshou}}'', 衛宮士郎 ''{{short|ch1904|Emiya Shirou}}''), '''always''' use AniDB house rules. | # For native Japanese words and names (e.g. 星界の紋章 ''{{short|a1|Seikai no Monshou}}'', 衛宮士郎 ''{{short|ch1904|Emiya Shirou}}''), '''always''' use AniDB house rules. | ||
# For non-native Japanese words (e.g. コードギアス ''{{short|a4521|Code Geass}}''), '''always''' use AniDB house rules. | # For non-native Japanese words (e.g. コードギアス ''{{short|a4521|Code Geass}}''), '''always''' use AniDB house rules. | ||
=== Non-Native Japanese Names === | ===Non-Native Japanese Names=== | ||
For non-native Japanese names (e.g. ルルーシュ・ヴィ・ブリタニア ''{{short|ch103|Lelouch vi Britannia}}''): | |||
# If the Japanese producer provides an official spelling of the non-native '''name''' ("''Lelouch vi Britannia''"), use the official spelling. | |||
## However, for '''foreign''' (non-Japanese) '''names''' where the correct foreign spelling is known, and/or there exists a standard Latin transcription (e.g. Chinese transcriptions): use that as the main name for the entry, instead of the Japan-provided spelling. | |||
### In such a scenario, add the Japan-provided official spelling as an alternate name of Type: Other, under the corresponding foreign language. | |||
## Exceptions '''may''' (or may not) apply for completely senseless spellings or spellings that run greatly afoul of our house rules. | |||
### ネロ・カオス ''{{short|ch1949|Nrvnqsr Chaos}}'' is the official spelling. Since the name is essentially unreadable, the transcription used as the main name is ''Nero Chaos''; this matches the pronunciation in the anime, is accepted by fans and other third parties without dispute over its correctness, is routinely used by third parties, and is aurally sound when compared to the katakana. | |||
### クワトロ・バジーナ ''{{short|ch3975|Quattro Vajeena}}'' is an accepted official spelling despite being phonetically questionable and considered non-ideal by large parts of the community (which prefers ''Quattro Bajeena''). | |||
# If the Japanese producer does not provide an official spelling of the non-native name (i.e. lack of <u>''primary''</u> evidence), use AniDB house rules and write a transcription that makes the most sense. | |||
## The | ## Remember, transcriptions should generally be ''aurally recognisable''. | ||
## As always, use AniDB's house rules described in this article when writing any transcribed Japanese titles in AniDB; AniDB's house rules consider official spellings from the Japanese producer as <u>''primary''</u> evidence. | |||
## The English ''translation'' of the full script from international licensee (for example: Crunchyroll for anime, Yen Press for manga and light novel) is usually acceptable as <u>''secondary''</u> evidence to an official source, to help determine a romanisation; it is a good starting point to use as a basis for the Japanese ''transcription'' on AniDB. The English ''translation'' of the script is not, however, a definitive Japanese ''transcription'' and should not be used as such. | |||
### However, official Japanese source ''transcriptions'' will always override (unless 1.1 applies). | |||
### Further, do not use an international licensee's ''translation'' as a Japanese ''transcription'' if it significantly differs from the phonetic katakana reading, or if it significantly differs from the commonly accepted reading if the original language and reading is known; staff discretion (maintainer, moderator) is used on a case-by-case basis. | |||
#### For example, トーマス is commonly accepted as a katakana transcription for "''Thomas''". If the international licensee (e.g. Crunchyroll, Daisuki, Hulu, Netflix, Yen Press, etc) gave the character's name instead as "''Tonas''", we would '''not''' use this as the Japanese transcription on AniDB; at the bare minimum, transcribe the katakana exactly as it is written and use "''Toumas''" as use transcription. Further, if there is a known and commonly accepted transcription such as "''Thomas''", this can be used instead as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. | |||
## Historically, licensees have also been prone to making mistakes as anyone else would, which is why they are only considered secondary sources for ''transcriptions''. The term "licensee" includes official English ''translations'' for all media types, including anime, manga, light novels, etc. | |||
# Do not blindly copy transcriptions from fansubs, fan scanlations, and other similar fan sources. | |||
== Loanwords and Transcribed Words in Japanese == | == Loanwords and Transcribed Words in Japanese == | ||
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Example: | Example: | ||
* ウォーター ( | * ウォーター (uootaa): this is the word 'water' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'water' in the transcription title. | ||
* ラッキー (rakkii), this is the word 'lucky' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'lucky' in the transcription title. | * ラッキー (rakkii), this is the word 'lucky' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'lucky' in the transcription title. | ||
* アイスクリーム (aisu kuriimu): this is the words 'ice cream' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'ice cream' in the transcription title. | * アイスクリーム (aisu kuriimu): this is the words 'ice cream' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'ice cream' in the transcription title. | ||
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** ぷちこ ('{{short|e45440|Puchiko}}'), Japanese usage is as a proper noun. Do '''not''' transcribe as 'Petitko'. | ** ぷちこ ('{{short|e45440|Puchiko}}'), Japanese usage is as a proper noun. Do '''not''' transcribe as 'Petitko'. | ||
* スカトロ(ジー) (katakana) / すかとろ(じい) (hiragana) ('sukatoro(jii)', 'scatolo(gy)' (English)), Japanese usage is a short form of "scatology", and is consistent with the definition of scatology. Spell it as 'scatolo' for the contracted version (it's just an abbreviation of the loanword) and 'scatology' for the full version. | * スカトロ(ジー) (katakana) / すかとろ(じい) (hiragana) ('sukatoro(jii)', 'scatolo(gy)' (English)), Japanese usage is a short form of "scatology", and is consistent with the definition of scatology. Spell it as 'scatolo' for the contracted version (it's just an abbreviation of the loanword) and 'scatology' for the full version. | ||
==== Drop all diacritics (umlauts [ ¨ ], accents [ ˝ ], etc) ==== | |||
For all foreign words with diacritics, AniDB follows the simplest and most common English-language convention: drop '''all''' diacritics '''without''' the use of sound-substitutions. This rule applies to all foreign languages without exception. | |||
Example: | |||
* ''Walküre'': spell as ''Walkure'' (drop all diacritics) and '''not''' ''Walkuere'' (do not use sound-substitutions). | |||
=== What to do with Wasei-eigo terms, and invented words using other languages (ie Wasei-xxx) === | === What to do with Wasei-eigo terms, and invented words using other languages (ie Wasei-xxx) === | ||
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* カンニング (kanningu, 'cunning'): Japanese usage means "cheating". Spell it as 'cunning' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to English. | * カンニング (kanningu, 'cunning'): Japanese usage means "cheating". Spell it as 'cunning' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to English. | ||
* スキンシップ (sukinshippu, 'skinship'), Japanese usage means "physical contact" and appears to have been coined from skin and kinship. Spell it as 'skinship' as it readily maps to existing words in English. | * スキンシップ (sukinshippu, 'skinship'), Japanese usage means "physical contact" and appears to have been coined from skin and kinship. Spell it as 'skinship' as it readily maps to existing words in English. | ||
* | * アパートメントハウス (apaatomentohausu, 'apartment house'), Japanese usage means "apartment building" and appears to have been coined from apartment and house. Spell it as 'apartment house' as it readily maps to existing words in English. | ||
** アパート ('apaato', 'apart(ment)'), Japanese usage is a short form of "apartment house". Spell it as 'apaato' as it does not readily map to existing words in English with the meaning of "apartment". | ** アパート ('apaato', 'apart(ment)'), Japanese usage is a short form of "apartment house". Spell it as 'apaato' as it does not readily map to existing words in English with the meaning of "apartment". | ||
* アルバイト (arubaito, 'arbeit' (German)), Japanese usage means "work or job", and is borrowed from German. Spell it as 'arbeit' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to German. | * アルバイト (arubaito, 'arbeit' (German)), Japanese usage means "work or job", and is borrowed from German. Spell it as 'arbeit' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to German. | ||
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=== 編 / 篇 (hen / hen) === | === 編 / 篇 (hen / hen) === | ||
Separate 編 / 篇 ("Volume" / "Version" / [...]), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 完結編 (Kanketsuhen (Last program of a series)), 予告編 / 予告篇 (Yokokuhen (trailer / advanced notice)). Don't hyphenate. | Separate 編 / 篇 ("Volume" / "Version" / [...]), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 完結編 (Kanketsuhen (Last program of a series)), 予告編 / 予告篇 (Yokokuhen (trailer / advanced notice))). Don't hyphenate. | ||
''Example:'' | ''Example:'' | ||
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: ノンテロップ版 38.PHASE-40 - Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40 ({{short|e146515| Kidou Senshi Gundam SEED - S8 - Special 8 (Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40)}}, the Non-TELOP version episode (which was included in the BD/DVD)) | : ノンテロップ版 38.PHASE-40 - Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40 ({{short|e146515| Kidou Senshi Gundam SEED - S8 - Special 8 (Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40)}}, the Non-TELOP version episode (which was included in the BD/DVD)) | ||
=== 弾 / 話 (dan / wa) === | |||
Separate 弾 ("Volume") and 話 ("Episode"/"Story"), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 爆弾 (Bakudan (Bomb)), 会話 (Kaiwa (Conversation))). Don't hyphenate. | |||
''Example:'' | |||
: 『コードギアス 復活のルルーシュ』TVCM第1弾 ルルーシュ編 (15秒) - "Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch" TVCM Dai 1 Dan Lelouch Hen (15 Byou) ({{short|e212589|Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch - T5 - "Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch" TVCM No. 1 Lelouch Version (0:15))}}, the 1st Lelouch version PV) | |||
: Lite 第1話 こたつむり - Lite Dai 1 Wa: Kotatsumuri ({{short|e156905|Lite 1: Kotatsnail}}, the 1st episode of the ''Lite'' series of specials) | |||
=== 部 (bu) === | === 部 (bu) === | ||
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: べんきょうします - Benkyou Shimasu | : べんきょうします - Benkyou Shimasu | ||
: べんきょうしました - Benkyou Shimashita | : べんきょうしました - Benkyou Shimashita | ||
=== 品 (hin / ひん) === | |||
Separate 品 (Hin ("article, item")), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 作品 (Sakuhin (Work/Performance)). Don't hyphenate. | |||
''Example:'' | |||
: 实验品 - Jikken Hin ({{short|a12739|Jikken Hin Kazoku}}, lit: "Experimental Product Family") | |||
=== ではありません (de wa Arimasen) === | === ではありません (de wa Arimasen) === | ||
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===たち (tachi)=== | ===たち (tachi)=== | ||
Always split from the associated word and set '-', '''unless''' the word is a pronoun, in which case keep glued. | Always split from the associated word and set '-', '''unless''' the word is a pronoun or dictionary word, in which case keep glued. | ||
i.e.<br> | i.e.<br> | ||
<tt>Elf o Karu Mono-tachi</tt><br> | <tt>Elf o Karu Mono-tachi</tt><br> | ||
but: '''kimitachi''', '''oretachi''', '''anatatachi''', '''omaetachi''', '''watashitachi''', and so on. | but: '''kimitachi''', '''oretachi''', '''anatatachi''', '''omaetachi''', '''watashitachi''', '''hitotachi''', and so on. | ||
===色 (iro)=== | ===色 (iro)=== | ||
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Please note that there is a whole lot more of counters used in the Japanese language that are not included in this list, making this list expandable. | Please note that there is a whole lot more of counters used in the Japanese language that are not included in this list, making this list expandable. | ||
=== Arabic Numerals and Counters === | === Arabic Numerals and Counters -- General Rule === | ||
As a general rule, Arabic numbers should be written as Japanese words when part of a word; see examples below. | As a general rule, Arabic numbers should be written as Japanese words when part of a word; see examples below. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==== | === Rules for Transcribing Dates === | ||
The following are general guidelines for transcribing dates, both when used to refer to specific calendar dates (i.e. 25.06.2018), and when counting dates as units (i.e. "it has been 20 years", "2 months until the deadline", "I leave in 17 days"). | |||
==== -- "Full" Dates ==== | |||
If a "full" date is given without Arabic numerals, transcribe the kanji in full. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | |||
|- | |||
! Text | |||
! Hiragana | |||
! Transcription | |||
|- | |||
| 二〇一六年十二月十一日 | |||
| にせんじゅうろくねん じゅうにがつ じゅういちにち | |||
| nisenjuurokunen juunigatsu juuichinichi | |||
|- | |||
| 二〇一六年十二月 | |||
| にせんじゅうろくねん じゅうにがつ | |||
| nisenjuurokunen juunigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 十二月十一日 | |||
| じゅうにがつ じゅういちにち | |||
| juunigatsu juuichinichi | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
If a "full" date is given with Arabic numerals, leave the numerals in the transcription. | If a "full" date is given with Arabic numerals, leave the numerals in the transcription. | ||
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! Transcription | ! Transcription | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2016年12月11日 | ||
| | | 2016ねん12がつ11にち | ||
| 2016 | | 2016-nen 12-gatsu 11-nichi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2016年12月 | ||
| | | 2016ねん12がつ | ||
| 2016 | | 2016-nen 12-gatsu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 12月11日 | ||
| 4がつ11にち | | 4がつ11にち | ||
| | | 12-gatsu 11-nichi | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== -- Year (Counter: 年, -nen) ==== | |||
This policy does not apply to the | If 年 is being used to count the number of years as a counter object, ie 12年 as in "twelve years", transcribe in full: ''juuninen''. | ||
This policy does not apply to the 年 (nen, year) counter, when being used as a date. For dates regarding specific calendar years, such as "2016年" meaning "the calendar year 2016", transcribe as "2016-nen". If given in kanji, such as "二〇一六年", transcribe in full as "nisenjuuroku-nen". | |||
If 日 is being used to count the number of days as a counter object, ie | ==== -- Month (Counter: 月, -gatsu) ==== | ||
The 12 months of the year are considered dictionary terms, always transcribe in full. Similar to how the months in English are named January through December, the Japanese months are named 一月/1月 through 十二月/12月. When used to refer to the month, transcribe in full, such as ''ichigatsu'' and ''juunigatsu''. | |||
===== --- Specific Exception: Month as a counter: (ヶ月, kagetsu) ===== | |||
If 月 is being used to count the number of months as a counter object, ie 12'''ヶ'''月 as in "twelve months", transcribe in full: ''juuni'''ka'''getsu''. | |||
List of the 12 dictionary months: | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | |||
|- | |||
! # | |||
! Text | |||
! Hiragana | |||
! Transcription | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| 一月 | |||
| いちがつ | |||
| Ichigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| 二月 | |||
| にがつ | |||
| Nigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| 三月 | |||
| さんがつ | |||
| Sangatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| 四月 | |||
| しがつ | |||
| Shigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| 五月 | |||
| ごがつ | |||
| Gogatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| 六月 | |||
| ろくがつ | |||
| Rokugatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 7 | |||
| 七月 | |||
| しちがつ | |||
| Shichigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 8 | |||
| 八月 | |||
| はちがつ | |||
| Hachigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 9 | |||
| 九月 | |||
| くがつ | |||
| Kugatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 10 | |||
| 十月 | |||
| じゅうがつ | |||
| Juugatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 11 | |||
| 十一月 | |||
| じゅういちがつ | |||
| Juuichigatsu | |||
|- | |||
| 12 | |||
| 十二月 | |||
| じゅうにがつ | |||
| Juunigatsu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==== -- Day (Counter: 日, -nichi) ==== | |||
If 日 is being used to count the number of days as a counter object, ie 11日 as in "eleven days", transcribe in full: ''juuichinichi''. | |||
However, 1st to 10th, 14th, 20th, and 24th, are irregular. | However, 1st to 10th, 14th, 20th, and 24th, are irregular. | ||
This policy does not apply to the 日 (nichi, day) counter, when being used as a date. For dates regarding specific calendar days, such as "11日" meaning "the calendar date of the 11th", transcribe as "11-nichi". If given in kanji, such as "十一日", transcribe in full as "juuichinichi". | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Japanese Addresses and Arabic Numerals === | === Japanese Addresses and Arabic Numerals === | ||
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| Tokyo Central Post Office<br />5-3, Yaesu 1-Chome<br />Chuo-ku, Tokyo 100-8994 | | Tokyo Central Post Office<br />5-3, Yaesu 1-Chome<br />Chuo-ku, Tokyo 100-8994 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| District and building number (choume and bangou) | | District, block, and building number (choume and bangou) | ||
| 八重洲<span style="color: red;">'''一丁'''</span>目5番3号 | | 八重洲<span style="color: red;">'''一丁'''</span>目5番3号 | ||
| Yaesu '''1-Choume''' 5-ban 3-gou | | Yaesu '''1-Choume''' 5-ban 3-gou | ||
| 5-3, Yaesu 1-Chome | | 5-3, Yaesu 1-Chome | ||
|- | |- | ||
| District and building number (choume and bangou) | | District, block, and building number (choume and bangou) | ||
| 八重洲<span style="color: red;">'''1丁'''</span>目5番3号 | | 八重洲<span style="color: red;">'''1丁'''</span>目5番3号 | ||
| Yaesu '''1-Choume''' 5-ban 3-gou | | Yaesu '''1-Choume''' 5-ban 3-gou | ||
Line 750: | Line 882: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Age (Counter: 歳, -sai) === | === Age (Counter: 歳 / 才, -sai) === | ||
If age (歳) is given with an Arabic numeral, it should NOT be merged. | If age (歳 / 才) is given with an Arabic numeral, it should NOT be merged. | ||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ||
Line 761: | Line 893: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
| 1歳 | | 1歳 / 1才 | ||
| 1さい | | 1さい | ||
| 1-sai | | 1-sai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 | | 2 | ||
| 2歳 | | 2歳 / 2才 | ||
| 2さい | | 2さい | ||
| 2-sai | | 2-sai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 | | 12 | ||
| 12歳 | | 12歳 / 3才 | ||
| 12さい | | 12さい | ||
| 12-sai | | 12-sai | ||
Line 787: | Line 919: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
| 一歳 | | 一歳 / 一才 | ||
| いっさい | | いっさい | ||
| Issai | | Issai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 | | 2 | ||
| 二歳 | | 二歳 / 二才 | ||
| にさい | | にさい | ||
| Nisai | | Nisai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 | | 3 | ||
| 三歳 | | 三歳 / 三才 | ||
| さんさい | | さんさい | ||
| Sansai | | Sansai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 | | 4 | ||
| 四歳 | | 四歳 / 四才 | ||
| よんさい | | よんさい | ||
| Yonsai | | Yonsai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 | | 5 | ||
| 五歳 | | 五歳 / 五才 | ||
| ごさい | | ごさい | ||
| Gosai | | Gosai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 | | 6 | ||
| 六歳 | | 六歳 / 六才 | ||
| ろくさい | | ろくさい | ||
| Rokusai | | Rokusai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 | | 7 | ||
| 七歳 | | 七歳 / 七才 | ||
| ななさい | | ななさい | ||
| Nanasai | | Nanasai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 | | 8 | ||
| 八歳 | | 八歳 / 八才 | ||
| はっさい | | はっさい | ||
| Hassai | | Hassai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 | | 9 | ||
| 九歳 | | 九歳 / 九才 | ||
| きゅうさい | | きゅうさい | ||
| Kyuusai | | Kyuusai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 | | 10 | ||
| 十歳 | | 十歳 / 十才 | ||
| じゅうさい | | じゅうさい | ||
| Juusai | | Juusai | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 20 | | 20 | ||
| 二十歳 | | 二十歳 / 二十才 | ||
| はたち | | はたち | ||
| Hatachi | | Hatachi | ||
Line 952: | Line 1,084: | ||
| 8 | | 8 | ||
| 八頭 | | 八頭 | ||
| | | はっとう / はちとう | ||
| Hattou / Hachitou | | Hattou / Hachitou | ||
|- | |- |