AniDB Definition:Romanisation: Difference between revisions

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AniDB Definition:Romanisation (view source)

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→‎Rules for Transcribing Dates: reversing the ordering of the descriptions to put the rule first and the exception second... rather than the other way around
(→‎Loanwords and Transcribed Words in Japanese: removed section on forum names since another section supercedes it)
(→‎Rules for Transcribing Dates: reversing the ordering of the descriptions to put the rule first and the exception second... rather than the other way around)
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{{Eyecatch|Note|For Chinese text, refer to our [[AniDB Definition:Romanisation for Chinese]] guide.}}
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{{:AniDB Definition: Romanisation/Table}}
{{:AniDB Definition: Romanisation/Table}}
== General rule for dictionary words ==
When transcribing, glue transcriptions together only for names and dictionary terms. The following are good online dictionaries to reference:
* [https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/ goo.ne.jp]
* [https://jisho.org/ Jisho]


== Special cases ==
== Special cases ==
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## If the Japanese producer provides an official spelling of the non-native '''name''' ("''Lelouch vi Britannia''"), use the official spelling.
## If the Japanese producer provides an official spelling of the non-native '''name''' ("''Lelouch vi Britannia''"), use the official spelling.
### However, for '''foreign''' (non-Japanese) '''names''' where the correct foreign spelling is known, and/or there exists a standard Latin transcription (e.g. Chinese transcriptions): use that as the main name for the entry, instead of the Japan-provided spelling.
### However, for '''foreign''' (non-Japanese) '''names''' where the correct foreign spelling is known, and/or there exists a standard Latin transcription (e.g. Chinese transcriptions): use that as the main name for the entry, instead of the Japan-provided spelling.
#### In such a scenario, add the Japanese official spelling as an alias name.
#### In such a scenario, add the Japan-provided official spelling as an alternate name of Type: Other, under the corresponding foreign language.
### Exceptions '''may''' (or may not) apply for completely senseless spellings or spellings that run greatly afoul of our house rules.
### Exceptions '''may''' (or may not) apply for completely senseless spellings or spellings that run greatly afoul of our house rules.
#### ネロ・カオス ''{{short|ch1949|Nrvnqsr Chaos}}'' is the official spelling. Since the name is essentially unreadable, the transcription used as the main name is ''Nero Chaos''; this matches the pronunciation in the anime, is accepted by fans and other third parties without dispute over its correctness, is routinely used by third parties, and is aurally sound when compared to the katakana.
#### ネロ・カオス ''{{short|ch1949|Nrvnqsr Chaos}}'' is the official spelling. Since the name is essentially unreadable, the transcription used as the main name is ''Nero Chaos''; this matches the pronunciation in the anime, is accepted by fans and other third parties without dispute over its correctness, is routinely used by third parties, and is aurally sound when compared to the katakana.
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## The romanised word provided by the international licensee can be used as <u>''secondary''</u> evidence to help determine a romanisation; it is '''NOT''' a definitive transcription and should '''NOT''' be used as such. As always, use AniDB's house rules described in this article when writing any transcribed Japanese titles in AniDB; do '''NOT''' blindly copy transcriptions from licensees such as Crunchyroll. If a better or more common transcription is prevalent, use that instead of the licensee's transcription.
## The romanised word provided by the international licensee can be used as <u>''secondary''</u> evidence to help determine a romanisation; it is '''NOT''' a definitive transcription and should '''NOT''' be used as such. As always, use AniDB's house rules described in this article when writing any transcribed Japanese titles in AniDB; do '''NOT''' blindly copy transcriptions from licensees such as Crunchyroll. If a better or more common transcription is prevalent, use that instead of the licensee's transcription.
### Historically, licensees have been equally as prone to making mistakes as anyone else would, and are not considered more trustworthy for transcriptions. The same applies to fansubs, translations of manga related to the anime (be they licensed or fan scanlations), and other similar English-language sources.
### Historically, licensees have been equally as prone to making mistakes as anyone else would, and are not considered more trustworthy for transcriptions. The same applies to fansubs, translations of manga related to the anime (be they licensed or fan scanlations), and other similar English-language sources.


== Loanwords and Transcribed Words in Japanese ==
== Loanwords and Transcribed Words in Japanese ==
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Example:
Example:
* ウォーター (uoutaa): this is the word 'water' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'water' in the transcription title.
* ウォーター (uootaa): this is the word 'water' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'water' in the transcription title.
* ラッキー (rakkii), this is the word 'lucky' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'lucky' in the transcription title.
* ラッキー (rakkii), this is the word 'lucky' transcribed to Japanese. Spell it as 'lucky' in the transcription title.
* アイスクリーム (aisu kuriimu): this is the words 'ice cream' transcribed to Japanese.  Spell it as 'ice cream' in the transcription title.
* アイスクリーム (aisu kuriimu): this is the words 'ice cream' transcribed to Japanese.  Spell it as 'ice cream' in the transcription title.
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* カンニング (kanningu, 'cunning'): Japanese usage means "cheating". Spell it as 'cunning' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to English.
* カンニング (kanningu, 'cunning'): Japanese usage means "cheating". Spell it as 'cunning' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to English.
* スキンシップ (sukinshippu, 'skinship'), Japanese usage means "physical contact" and appears to have been coined from skin and kinship. Spell it as 'skinship' as it readily maps to existing words in English.
* スキンシップ (sukinshippu, 'skinship'), Japanese usage means "physical contact" and appears to have been coined from skin and kinship. Spell it as 'skinship' as it readily maps to existing words in English.
* パートメントハウス (apaatomentohausu, 'apartment house'), Japanese usage means "apartment building" and appears to have been coined from apartment and house. Spell it as 'apartment house' as it readily maps to existing words in English.
* アパートメントハウス (apaatomentohausu, 'apartment house'), Japanese usage means "apartment building" and appears to have been coined from apartment and house. Spell it as 'apartment house' as it readily maps to existing words in English.
** アパート ('apaato', 'apart(ment)'), Japanese usage is a short form of "apartment house". Spell it as 'apaato' as it does not readily map to existing words in English with the meaning of "apartment".
** アパート ('apaato', 'apart(ment)'), Japanese usage is a short form of "apartment house". Spell it as 'apaato' as it does not readily map to existing words in English with the meaning of "apartment".
* アルバイト (arubaito, 'arbeit' (German)), Japanese usage means "work or job", and is borrowed from German. Spell it as 'arbeit' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to German.
* アルバイト (arubaito, 'arbeit' (German)), Japanese usage means "work or job", and is borrowed from German. Spell it as 'arbeit' in the transcription title, as it readily maps to German.
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=== 編 / 篇 (hen / hen) ===
=== 編 / 篇 (hen / hen) ===
Separate 編 / 篇 ("Volume" / "Version" / [...]), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 完結編 (Kanketsuhen (Last program of a series)), 予告編 / 予告篇 (Yokokuhen (trailer / advanced notice)).  Don't hyphenate.
Separate 編 / 篇 ("Volume" / "Version" / [...]), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 完結編 (Kanketsuhen (Last program of a series)), 予告編 / 予告篇 (Yokokuhen (trailer / advanced notice))).  Don't hyphenate.


''Example:''
''Example:''
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: ノンテロップ版 38.PHASE-40 - Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40 ({{short|e146515| Kidou Senshi Gundam SEED - S8 - Special 8 (Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40)}}, the Non-TELOP version episode (which was included in the BD/DVD))
: ノンテロップ版 38.PHASE-40 - Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40 ({{short|e146515| Kidou Senshi Gundam SEED - S8 - Special 8 (Non-Telop Ban 38.PHASE-40)}}, the Non-TELOP version episode (which was included in the BD/DVD))
=== 弾 / 話 (dan / wa) ===
Separate 弾 ("Volume") and 話 ("Episode"/"Story"), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 爆弾 (Bakudan (Bomb)), 会話 (Kaiwa (Conversation))).  Don't hyphenate.
''Example:''
: 『コードギアス 復活のルルーシュ』TVCM第1弾 ルルーシュ編 (15秒) - "Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch" TVCM Dai 1 Dan Lelouch Hen (15 Byou) ({{short|e212589|Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch - T5 - "Code Geass: Fukkatsu no Lelouch" TVCM No. 1 Lelouch Version (0:15))}}, the 1st Lelouch version PV)
: Lite 第1話 こたつむり - Lite Dai 1 Wa: Kotatsumuri ({{short|e156905|Lite 1: Kotatsnail}}, the 1st episode of the ''Lite'' series of specials)


=== 部 (bu) ===
=== 部 (bu) ===
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: べんきょうします - Benkyou Shimasu
: べんきょうします - Benkyou Shimasu
: べんきょうしました - Benkyou Shimashita
: べんきょうしました - Benkyou Shimashita
=== 品 (hin / ひん) ===
Separate 品 (Hin ("article, item​")), except when it's actually part of another word (e.g. 作品 (Sakuhin (Work/Performance)).  Don't hyphenate.
''Example:''
: 实验品 - Jikken Hin ({{short|a12739|Jikken Hin Kazoku}}, lit: "Experimental Product Family")


=== ではありません (de wa Arimasen) ===
=== ではありません (de wa Arimasen) ===
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Please note that there is a whole lot more of counters used in the Japanese language that are not included in this list, making this list expandable.
Please note that there is a whole lot more of counters used in the Japanese language that are not included in this list, making this list expandable.


=== Arabic Numerals and Counters ===
=== Arabic Numerals and Counters -- General Rule ===


As a general rule, Arabic numbers should be written as Japanese words when part of a word; see examples below.
As a general rule, Arabic numbers should be written as Japanese words when part of a word; see examples below.
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|}
|}


==== Specific Cases and Exceptions ====
=== Rules for Transcribing Dates ===
The following exceptions list is by no means complete.
The following are general guidelines for transcribing dates, both when used to refer to specific calendar dates (i.e. 25.06.2018), and when counting dates as units (i.e. "it has been 20 years", "2 months until the deadline", "I leave in 17 days").
 
==== -- "Full" Dates ====
If a "full" date is given without Arabic numerals, transcribe the kanji in full.
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!  Text
!  Hiragana
!  Transcription
|-
|  二〇一六年十二月十一日
|  にせんじゅうろくねん じゅうにがつ じゅういちにち
|  nisenjuurokunen juunigatsu juuichinichi
|-
|  二〇一六年十二月
|  にせんじゅうろくねん じゅうにがつ
|  nisenjuurokunen juunigatsu
|-
|  十二月十一日
|  じゅうにがつ じゅういちにち
|  juunigatsu juuichinichi
|-
|}


===== -- "Full" Dates =====
If a "full" date is given with Arabic numerals, leave the numerals in the transcription.
If a "full" date is given with Arabic numerals, leave the numerals in the transcription.


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!  Transcription
!  Transcription
|-
|-
|  2016年4月11日
|  2016年12月11日
|  2016ねん4がつ11にち
|  2016ねん12がつ11にち
|  2016 Nen 4 Gatsu 11 Nichi
|  2016-nen 12-gatsu 11-nichi
|-
|-
|  2016年4月
|  2016年12月
|  2016ねん4がつ
|  2016ねん12がつ
|  2016 Nen 4 Gatsu
|  2016-nen 12-gatsu
|-
|-
|  4月11日
|  12月11日
|  4がつ11にち
|  4がつ11にち
|  4 Gatsu 11 Nichi
|  12-gatsu 11-nichi
|-
|-
|}
|}


===== -- Day (Counter: 日, -nichi) =====
==== -- Year (Counter: 年, -nen) ====
This policy does not apply to the 日 (nichi, day) counter, when being used as a date. For days, such as "12日", transcribe as "12 Nichi" (spacing and capitalization policy of nichi is subject to change).
If 年 is being used to count the number of years as a counter object, ie 12年 as in "twelve years", transcribe in full: ''juuninen''.
 
This policy does not apply to the 年 (nen, year) counter, when being used as a date. For dates regarding specific calendar years, such as "2016年" meaning "the calendar year 2016", transcribe as "2016-nen". If given in kanji, such as "二〇一六年", transcribe in full as "nisenjuuroku-nen".
 
==== -- Month (Counter: 月, -gatsu) ====
The 12 months of the year are considered dictionary terms, always transcribe in full.  Similar to how the months in English are named January through December, the Japanese months are named 一月/1月 through 十二月/12月.  When used to refer to the month, transcribe in full, such as ''ichigatsu'' and ''juunigatsu''.
 
===== --- Specific Exception: Month as a counter: (ヶ月, kagetsu) =====
If 月 is being used to count the number of months as a counter object, ie 12'''ヶ'''月 as in "twelve months", transcribe in full: ''juuni'''ka'''getsu''.
 
List of the 12 dictionary months:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!  #
!  Text
!  Hiragana
!  Transcription
|-
|  1
|  一月
|  いちがつ
|  Ichigatsu
|-
|  2
|  二月
|  にがつ
|  Nigatsu
|-
|  3
|  三月
|  さんがつ
|  Sangatsu
|-
|  4
|  四月
|  しがつ
|  Shigatsu
|-
|  5
|  五月
|  ごがつ
|  Gogatsu
|-
|  6
|  六月
|  ろくがつ
|  Rokugatsu
|-
|  7
|  七月
|  しちがつ
|  Shichigatsu
|-
|  8
|  八月
|  はちがつ
|  Hachigatsu
|-
|  9
|  九月
|  くがつ
|  Kugatsu
|-
|  10
|  十月
|  じゅうがつ
|  Juugatsu
|-
|  11
|  十一月
|  じゅういちがつ
|  Juuichigatsu
|-
|  12
|  十二月
|  じゅうにがつ
|  Juunigatsu
|-
|}


If 日 is being used to count the number of days as a counter object, ie 12日 as in "twelve days", transcribe in full: ''juuninichi''.
==== -- Day (Counter: 日, -nichi) ====
If 日 is being used to count the number of days as a counter object, ie 11日 as in "eleven days", transcribe in full: ''juuichinichi''.


However, 1st to 10th, 14th, 20th, and 24th, are irregular.
However, 1st to 10th, 14th, 20th, and 24th, are irregular.
This policy does not apply to the 日 (nichi, day) counter, when being used as a date. For dates regarding specific calendar days, such as "11日" meaning "the calendar date of the 11th", transcribe as "11-nichi".  If given in kanji, such as "十一日", transcribe in full as "juuichinichi".


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
===== -- Month (Counter: 月, -gatsu) =====
The 12 months of the year are considered dictionary terms.  Similar to how the months in English are named January through December, the Japanese months are named 一月/1月 through 十二月/12月.  When used to refer to the month, transcribe in full, such as ''ichigatsu'' and ''juunigatsu''.
If 月 is being used to count the number of months as a counter object, ie 12ヶ月 as in "twelve months", transcribe in full: ''juunikagetsu''.
===== -- Year (Counter: 年, -nen) =====
This policy does not apply to the 年 (nen, year) counter, when being used as a date. For years, such as "2112年", transcribe as "2112 Nen" (spacing and capitalization policy of nen is subject to change).
If 年 is being used to count the number of years as a counter object, ie 12年 as in "twelve years", transcribe in full: ''juuninen''.


=== Japanese Addresses and Arabic Numerals ===
=== Japanese Addresses and Arabic Numerals ===
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|}
|}


=== Age (Counter: 歳, -sai) ===
=== Age (Counter: 歳 / 才, -sai) ===
If age (歳) is given with an Arabic numeral, it should NOT be merged.
If age (歳 / 才) is given with an Arabic numeral, it should NOT be merged.


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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|-
|-
|  1
|  1
|  1歳
|  1歳 / 1才
|  1さい
|  1さい
|  1-sai
|  1-sai
|-
|-
|  2
|  2
|  2歳
|  2歳 / 2才
|  2さい
|  2さい
|  2-sai
|  2-sai
|-
|-
|  12
|  12
|  12歳
|  12歳 / 3才
|  12さい
|  12さい
|  12-sai
|  12-sai
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|-
|-
|  1
|  1
|  一歳
|  一歳 / 一才
|  いっさい
|  いっさい
|  Issai
|  Issai
|-
|-
|  2
|  2
|  二歳
|  二歳 / 二才
|  にさい
|  にさい
|  Nisai
|  Nisai
|-
|-
|  3
|  3
|  三歳
|  三歳 / 三才
|  さんさい
|  さんさい
|  Sansai
|  Sansai
|-
|-
|  4
|  4
|  四歳
|  四歳 / 四才
|  よんさい
|  よんさい
|  Yonsai
|  Yonsai
|-
|-
|  5
|  5
|  五歳
|  五歳 / 五才
|  ごさい
|  ごさい
|  Gosai
|  Gosai
|-
|-
|  6
|  6
|  六歳
|  六歳 / 六才
|  ろくさい
|  ろくさい
|  Rokusai
|  Rokusai
|-
|-
|  7
|  7
|  七歳
|  七歳 / 七才
|  ななさい
|  ななさい
|  Nanasai
|  Nanasai
|-
|-
|  8
|  8
|  八歳
|  八歳 / 八才
|  はっさい
|  はっさい
|  Hassai
|  Hassai
|-
|-
|  9
|  9
|  九歳
|  九歳 / 九才
|  きゅうさい
|  きゅうさい
|  Kyuusai
|  Kyuusai
|-
|-
|  10
|  10
|  十歳
|  十歳 / 十才
|  じゅうさい
|  じゅうさい
|  Juusai
|  Juusai
|-
|-
|  20
|  20
|  二十歳
|  二十歳 / 二十才
|  はたち
|  はたち
|  Hatachi
|  Hatachi
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